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Description
doi: 10.4103/0973-3930.60006
2021 Aug 28;13(9)
Washington State University
Change history 30 July 2025 This paper was originally published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, CC-BY-NC-ND, The Author(s)
Intracellularly, ROS are principally generated by mitochondrial respiration and redox enzymes, such as uncoupled nitric oxide synthase, cytochrome P-450 isoforms, and NADPH oxidase subtypes (NOXs), in the form of superoxide (Fig
2.1.2.1 Intracellular ATP Promotes Drug Resistance Intracellular ATP levels vary between cancer cells and normal cells due to the Warburg effect (56, 58)
