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By its upstream action of inhibiting lipid peroxidation, GPX4 can indirectly but effectively reduce the expression levels of these destructive enzymes, thereby delaying or preventing ECM breakdown (Xiao et al., 2024) (Figure 1)

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 106.Shimizu D, Ishitsuka Y, Miyata K, Tomishima Y, Kondo Y, Irikura M, Iwawaki T, Oike Y, Irie T

By contrast, at lower doses (1080 g/kg, i.p.), all tested neurons in the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the thalamus increased both their firing frequency and bursting, while in the reticular nucleus, half of the neurons were excited and the other half inhibited

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Furthermore, the extract upregulated the expression of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in the lacrimal glands and inhibited the activation of MAPK and NF-B signaling pathways, leading to decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [89]

Hcy also inactivates the Akt signaling pathway and concurrently activates the Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor by dephosphorylating these signaling molecules