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The principal mechanisms that link lipid metabolism with neurodegeneration in AD include neuronal signaling pathways, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, OS, and inflammation, which ultimately lead to synaptic loss and memory impairment (279, 280)

This disruption and subsequent infiltration of inflammatory mediators are associated with cognitive impairment in CKD patients, providing further evidence of a gut-brain connection (Sun et al., 2021)

Associated changes of lipid peroxidation and transforming growth factor beta1 levels in human colon cancer during tumor progression

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Taken together, it is clearly reported that mitochondrial ROS accumulation correlates with HIF- stabilization during hypoxia, while exogenous ROS enhance HIF-1 protein levels under normoxia [89], demonstrating the close relationship between the hypoxia- and redox-sensitive pathways