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Increased oxidative stress The inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by propionyl-CoA, could lead to increased reactive oxygen species which may impair mitochondrial DNA expression 42,43

5.1.1.2 Oxidative stress markers In migraine patients, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) are significantly elevated, especially in cases of migraine with aura, reflecting increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress damage (Tuncel et al., 2008)

10.1093/ps/80.8.1201 122 PeaJ.VieiraS.LpezJ.ReisR.BarrosR.FurtadoF.et al (2008)

Improves Neurotransmitter Function Your brain relies on neurotransmitters to communicate effectively

The authors also mention other neuropeptides, such as substance P or neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, orexins, and nociceptives, which may play a role in neurogenic inflammation of the intracranial vasculature and peripheral and central sensitization of the trigeminal system [57,58,59]