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Mental health in chronic and end-stage liver disease In: Sher Y, Maldonado J, editors

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References 1.Abraham NG, Kappas A (2008) Pharmacological and clinical aspects of heme oxygenase

Acetylcarnitine, on the other hand, affects the epigenetic regulation of metabotropic glutamate type 2 receptors (mGluR2), negatively modulating neurotransmitter release and producing rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects (demonstrated by forced swim tests, sucrose preference tests) in Flinders Sensitive Line rats and in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress, which model genetic and environmentally induced depression, respectively [92]

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved giving L-carnitine intravenously (by IV) but not by mouth to treat and prevent L-carnitine deficiency in these patients

L-carnitine acts as a biochemical buffer, binding to these toxic acyl groups and shuttling them out of the mitochondria and into the bloodstream for excretiona process known as "fatty acid dumping." This detoxification process relieves the metabolic pressure on the mitochondria, allowing them to repair and function more efficiently