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FIGURE 1 Observational studies often face complexities in discerning a direct causal relationship between antioxidants and OP due to confounding factors, potential reverse causality, limitations imposed by sample size, and measurement errors (Sekula et al., 2016)

doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.02.025

T., Pereyra, C., Zuily-Fodil, R

Delivery of pRunx2 into hMSCs using RS-1 significantly reduced DNA damage and upregulated osteogenic differentiation potential ( Figure 3D )

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However, the causal relationships among these metabolic derangements and their viability as therapeutic targets remain elucidated