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In yeast, Ubc1 (mammalian homologous UBE2K) facilitates the formation of K48/K63-branched ubiquitin chains and regulates resistance to heat shock and DNA replication stress (Pluska et al, 2021)

Key genes in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, such as Excision Repair Cross-Complementing 2 (ERCC2) and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C (XPC), are responsible for identifying and repairing DNA damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and various chemical carcinogens

For example, under the pathological conditions of cerebral ischemia, the antioxidant enzyme system in serum exerts a critical effect on maintaining the redox homeostasis and mitigating the oxidative stress-induced damage 47

Lv et al., 2022), and pSTAT3 (Zhang et al., 2020

Consequently, the paracellular pathway, which is typically tightly regulated, becomes more permeable, allowing neurotoxic substances and other potentially harmful agents to pass through the BBB and enter the brain parenchyma [54,63]

Angiogenesis Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature, as opposed to vasculogenesis, which is the development of vessels de novo (62)