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Intestinal ischemic reperfusion syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical significance, therapy

Nintedanib in Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases

However, -syn-induced astrocytic mitochondrial dysfunction disrupts this detoxification pathway, leading to toxic lipid reaccumulation in neurons and establishing a PD-accelerating feedback loop (166,167)

mtDNA leaked into the cytoplasm by mitochondria during stress is an important source of DAMPs, and cytoplasmic mtDNA binds to and activates different DNA pattern recognition receptors, inducing strong intrinsic immune responses (71) ( Figure 4 )

10.4143/crt.2014.46.1.2 165

This similarity raises the risk of cell escape, potentially undermining both the safety and therapeutic efficacy of the treatment, an issue that has not been comprehensively investigated