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Overactivated M1 macrophages exacerbate inflammation through secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, driving joint damage, whereas immunosuppressive M2 macrophages are diminished, disrupting immune equilibrium (130)

Intracellular MDA content and SOD activity were measured using their respective assay kits according to the manufacturers instructions (Beyotime, Shanghai, China)

Combining ES with copper leads to copper retention in mitochondria due to the degradation of ATP7A, which causes an accumulation of ROS

One of the main reasons is that stem cells may lose stemness due to aging or prolonged ex vivo cultivation, reducing their regenerative capacity and treatment effectiveness

doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh309

CAP values vary from 100 to 400 dB/m