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Vitamin B12 is not produced by the body but is an essential part of cell reproduction, blood formation, and protein synthesis

Chemical synthesis, while possible, requires careful attention to maintaining the specific peptide bonds and thiol group integrity crucial for biological activity

Vegetarians and vegans may also experience B12 deficiency, because animal products are the most common source of dietary B12

Nature 441: 437-443

The concentration of these xanthophylls in the human retina and lens is many times higher than in other tissues [9]

Some users report needing 20-50% higher nasal doses to achieve equivalent effects, though individual variation is substantial