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In H9C2 cardiomyocytes and RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines, ALA treatment prevented apoptosis and inflammation by inhibiting the HMGB1/NF-B signaling pathway [56]

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Via pattern-recognition receptors, these cells sense pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs), triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-, IL-1, IL-6) and chemokines that drive the inflammatory cascade ( Within the adaptive immune compartment, imbalances in T and B lymphocytes sustain chronic inflammation and ongoing tissue injury

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Similarly Chitosan nanoparticles derived from natural sources have the ability to form complexes with dsRNA, increasing its stability and encouraging long-term release on plant surfaces

BPC 157 has been shown in numerous animal studies to have significant anti-inflammatory effects