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Melatonin is a potent anti-inflammatory chemical that functions by rescuing the peroxynitrite anion, which leads to the inhibition of inflammation that is not specific to any one substance, such as carrageenan or zymosan (79,163,164)

Reduction of short-term radiation lethality by biological response modifiers given alone or in association with other chemical protectors

Gnoni, S

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Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prevalent autoimmune disease primarily characterized by the involvement of multiple systems and organs

Eighty-five to ninety percent of cellular glutathione is present in the cytosol, and rest 10-15% is distributed in many intracellular organelles like mitochondria, nuclear matrix, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroximes and nucleus.[26,27,118] Concentration of mitochondrial glutathione is similar to that of the cytosol (10-14 mM) by the volume of the mitochondrial matrix.[118] Its concentration in the human liver tissue is evaluated as 6,400 mmol/kg.[117] Relatively low (2-20 mol/L in plasma) concentration of glutathione is observed in the extracellular environment, whereas, bile acids may contain up to 10 mmol/L glutathione.[27] Glutathione concentration is found to be greatest in the liver, the organ involved in detoxification and elimination of toxins, and in the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) (of about 400 M), which is raised in the case of chronic smokers and lung cancer patients,[34,117] and decreased in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome.[34] The AO properties of glutathione are mediated by redox-active thiol group that becomes oxidised when glutathione reduces target molecules, which may be attributed to the fact that glutathione displays a low redox potential (E0 = 240 mV), and is found in high concentration in the cells (approximately 10-15 Mm).[118] In the presence of electrophilic substances, e.g., free radicals and ROS/nitrogen sps, glutathione readily oxidizes non-enzymatically to glutathione disulfide (GSSG).[27] As glutathione acts as electron carriers, so when electrons are lost by oxidation, glutathione becomes oxidized (GS ), and two such molecules dimerized by a disulfide bridge to form disulfide glutathione or oxidized glutathione (GSSG)