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Conjugation lowers the pK a to well below the physiologic range of biliary and intestinal pH, and conjugated bile acids become ionized anions (referred to as bile salts) rather than undissociated bile acids

Researchers have long studied peptides and have been working to develop them as treatments for certain medical conditions since 1921

Transporter expression is particularly necessary to increase uptake of essential amino acids that cannot be produced de novo

PMID: 27783672, PMCID: PMC5081186, PII: PPATHOGENS-D-16-01126, DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005984, ISSN: 1553-7374

Guglielmi, G

Lammi, Carmen, and Anna Arnoldi