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Clinical Significance of Trace Element Zinc in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

however, recent studies have revealed the existence of many B cell subpopulations with specific regulatory functions capable of modulating T cells and chronic inflammatory responses ( Most studies on B cells in pancreatitis are autoimmune pancreatitis ( 4 Interaction between immune cells and pancreatic stellate cells affects the progression of chronic pancreatitis 4.1 Pancreatic stellate cells Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are pluripotent effector cells located around the acinar cell, small blood vessels and pancreatic ducts ( Physiologically, transformation of quiescent PSCs into a proliferating myofibroblast-like phenotype is an autonomous repair response to tissue damage ( in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that activated PSCs play a central role in CP-related fibrosis by regulating the synthesis and degradation of ECM proteins such as tissue inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and metalloproteinases (MMPs) ( in vitro studies have demonstrated that pancreatic injury and inflammation can expose PSCs to a variety of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, PDGF, TGF-1, activin A, ethanol, and its metabolites, which can act as regulators of PSCs activation, causing oxidative stress and extensive changes in the composition of the ECM ( 4.2 Interaction between immune cells and pancreatic stellate cells Chanjuan Shi et al