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doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-03904-w 83 LatifA.ShehzadA.NiaziS.ZahidA.AshrafW.IqbalM

Neurological and muscular disturbances (motor disturbances, convulsions, and excessive fatigue (weakness)) and laboratory tests (increased or decreased concentration of different biochemical markers in tissues, blood, and urine) can indicate mitochondrial damage [26,35]

2. Strong Antioxidant Protection

N Engl J Med 341(20):14851490

Studies have shown that renal epithelial cells from patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) exhibit increased sensitivity to IGF-1 compared to those from healthy individuals, indicating the involvement of this signaling pathway in cyst formation.71 In addition, increased expression of IGF-1-related genes, such as IGF-1, IGF1R, and IGFBP-5, along with the metalloproteinase Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPPA), has been detected in kidney samples from PKD1 mutant mice, a model of PKD, compared to wild-type controls