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Therefore, low reactant levels (adduct) will have low reaction (repair) rates and decline as the reactant is used (Kumar et al

JInfectDis 2001][Akang EN

Protein-sulfenic and glutathione sulfenic acids result from reaction with endogenously produced ROS or RNS but usually these species are rapidly transformed in prot-SSG (GSSR) or GSSG as more stable derivatives

It also protects against damage to the mitochondria (the energy centers that allow cells to function)

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 36.Kanai A., Segawa Y., Okamoto T., Koto M., Okamoto H

Mitochondria serve as central regulators in this process through several key mechanisms: 2.2.1 Metabolic substrate provision Mitochondria provide not only ATP but also intermediate metabolites from the TCA cycle (e.g., citrate, succinate, -ketoglutarate) that serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are crucial for rapid immune cell proliferation and cytokine production (8, 9)