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, 152 , 175-185, doi: Miess, H., Dankworth, B., Gouw, A

Studies have demonstrated that LLD is closely associated with energy metabolism disorders, potentially stemming from impaired mitochondrial function and chronic inflammation, leading to neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress (38)

Topical application of EPA has a significant impact on UV-induced skin damage and intrinsic aging (80)

Superoxide dismutase ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by reducing oxidative stress, adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine

Generally, smaller dogs live longer than larger breeds and often have a lower risk of certain age-related conditions, such as cognitive dysfunction, cancer and cardiovascular diseases (Figure 2)

However, the factors that induce MASLD in clinical practice are diverse and as research has deepened, the two-hit hypothesis has already shown certain limitations and cannot fully explain the pathogenesis of MASLD