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Muscle cramps, in StatPearls (Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing)

2025 May 21

The example of GSH microspecies B and G (Table 2) shows that even minor changes in the sites of protonation can lead to differences in redox characteristics, this is all the more important in light of the complex, parallel protonation equilibria of these multibasic biomolecules: not only the protonation of the thiolate itself, its protonation fraction, and the concomitant redox behavior will be very sensitive to minor pH changes, but the protonation status of the adjacent basic moieties can influence the redox behavior by various inductive effects on the thiolate moiety

Iacobini C, Vitale M, Haxhi J, Pesce C, Pugliese G, Menini S

[ 43 ] These authors also reported the ability of OPCs to provide protection from radical-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, which is of particular importance to CFS patients

Fu Y, Shen J, Li Y, et al