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Access this article Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations OH: Hydroxyl ROO: Proxyl 4-HNE: 4-Hydroxynonenal 8-OHdG: 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine ABP: Androgen-binding protein ARE: Antioxidant responsive element ARTs: Assisted reproductive techniques ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BER: Base excision repair cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAT: Catalase CK: Creatine kinase CYP2E: Cytochrome P450 enzymes ETC: Electron transport chain G6PD: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase GnRH: Gonadotropin releasing hormone GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GRX: Glutaredoxin GSH: Glutathione GST: Glutathione s-transferase H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide HPA: Hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal HPG: Hypothalamicpituitarygonadal HPT: Hypothalamopituitarythyroid IL: Interleukin LOOHs: Lipid hydroperoxides MDA: Malondialdehyde miRNAs: Micro-ribonucleic acids MPO: Myeloperoxidase NAC: N-Acetylcysteine NADPH: Adenine dinucleotide phosphate NO: Nitrogen oxide NOS: Nitric oxide synthase NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 O 2 : Superoxide anion ONOO-: Peroxynitrite OS: Oxidative stress P-Tyr: Phosphotyrosine PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PKA: Protein kinase A NER: Nucleotide excision repair PMN: Polymorphonuclear P-PKA: Phospho-PKA PRX: Peroxiredoxin PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids RF: Radio frequency ROOH: Hydroperoxide ROS: Reactive oxygen species SCI: Spinal cord injury SDF: Sperm DNA fragmentation SH-: Sulfhydryl groups SOD: Superoxide dismutase SOD3: Extracellular SOD TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha TRX: Thioredoxin References Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, Chyatte MR (2015) A unique view on male infertility around the globe