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Hcy, an important intermediate in folate and one-carbon metabolism, is generated from the dietary protein methionine

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 122.Ward N.E., Stewart J.R., Ioannides C.G., OBrian C.A

Research applications: cytoprotection, angiogenesis and tissue-repair models

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Studies have shown that PQS regulated the immune response in arthritis by inhibiting the differentiation of CD4 + IFN + cells ( The blood Kyn/Trp ratio is commonly used as a marker to evaluate the activity of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in chronic immune activation ( In vitro experiments have shown that IDO can affect the antigen-presenting function by enhancing the expression of the cell surface marker CD86, whereas the downregulation of IDO may lead to a reduction in Tregs and an expansion of CD4+ T cells ( Although current studies have predominantly focused on the individual immunoregulatory functions of metabolites, emerging evidence indicates that these metabolites may interact through shared signaling pathways or have overlapping effects on immune homeostasis

Several mechanisms within the TME have been implicated in the resistance to anti-PD therapy, such as loss of neoantigens and low expression of PD-L1 [5]