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With advancing age, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increases, whereas antioxidant capacity declines, leading to disruption of cellular redox homeostasis and contributing to the development of age-related diseases [6, 7]

Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 136(Pt 6), 19421955

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In certain situations, such as aging, the ETCs functionality may decline, leading to an excessive diversion of electrons from the ETC pathway, which then react with O 2 to generate significant amounts of O 2 -, the precursors to most ROS (Nilsson and Tarnopolsky, 2019

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This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 82101012, 82104069), Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021JDRC0158, 2022089, 2021YJ0170), Southwest Jiaotong University Fundamental Research Cultivation Support Program for Medicine-Engineering Integration (2682023ZTPY046, 2682022ZTPY051), The Third Peoples Hospital of Chengdu Scientific Research Project (2023PI13, CSY-YN-01-2023-014), Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau Project(2019-YF05-00498-SN)