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Cells were harvested 24 or 48 h after stimulation

We can infer that SIO exerts significant anti-RA effects by regulating the P38, ERK, IB, and NF-B signaling pathways

MGF-24aa-E peptide also regulates migration and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and promotes osteoblast proliferation in bone-defect healing models expanding PEG-MGFs research utility to both cartilage biology and bone regeneration research

This imbalance renders granulosa cells vulnerable to ferroptosis, which can impair estrogen synthesis and disrupt follicular development (40)

These findings provide a foundational epidemiologic context for disease burden and stratification across at-risk groups

& Neundorfer, B