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B12 deficiency can occur for several reasons, such as Dietary restrictions, Age-related factors, and Certain medical conditions

However, certain populations are at higher risk of deficiency: Adults over 50 (reduced absorption capacity) Individuals following vegan or strict vegetarian diets Those with gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohns disease or celiac disease Individuals taking long-term acid-reducing medications (PPIs, H blockers) When oral supplementation is insufficient or absorption is compromised, vitamin B12 shots deliver the nutrient directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system entirely

Lewitt MS, Hilding A, Brismar K, Efendic S, stenson CG, Hall K

(2009) Cognitive and psychiatric effects of vitamin B12 replacement in dementia with low serum B12 levels: a nursing home study

Iron supplements

"Vitamin B-containing plant food sources for vegetarians"