glutathione to s adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylmethionine and Methylation GLUTATHIONE SYNTHESIS - PMC

a sore, smooth, or swollen "beefy" red tongue

IEEE Access

and ESWORTHY, R.S

The microbiome is the set of genetic information of all microorganisms residing in a specific location.44 Whether in a state of health or disease, the preservation of immune homeostasis relies on the intricate interplay with microorganisms.45 The airway microbiome plays a pivotal role in the initiation, progression, and exacerbations of respiratory diseases.46 The vicious cycle or vicious vortex models propose a self-sustaining cycle involving infection, inflammation, impairment of mucociliary clearance, and persistent bacterial colonization, leading to the development of bronchiectasis.4749 Using sequencing techniques, it has been observed that Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella, alongside benign commensal microorganisms, predominate in the microbiome of the healthy lung.50 This microbiome induces a proinflammatory Th17-type response that contributes to immune homeostasis.51 A higher prevalence of Pseudomonas, Haemophilus and Veillonella has been observed in bronchiectasis.52 Within anatomical distortion and immune dysregulation of the airway, commensal pathogens adopt the role of pathobionts, promoting the disease.53 The bronchiectasis microbiome is complex, comprising multiple bacterial species, and is personalized, remaining stable over time, even during exacerbations.54,55 Bacterial diversity is associated with better clinical outcomes, reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines,56 and a positive correlation with lung function.57 Conversely, a decline in this diversity is linked to disease severity, impaired lung function,54 increased frequency of exacerbations, and a heightened risk of all-cause mortality.57 In bronchiectasis, microbiome dominance by Pseudomonas or Haemophilus is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory markers53,55 and they have a mutually exclusive relationship.53 Although less extensively explored, fungi and viruses play a significant role in bronchiectasis

When I explain this to my patients, I cover three main headings: Antioxidant Protection Glutathione is the primary line of defence against damage caused by free radicals to cellular structures

Degradation of redox-sensitive proteins including peroxiredoxins and DJ-1 is promoted by oxidation-induced conformational changes and ubiquitination