injection vitamin b12 hydroxocobalamin (B12) Injection, 2mg/mL red urine after b12 injection

It can impact employment, social life, and family life

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There is no official link between standard B12 supplementation and serious adverse effects in individuals with normal kidney and liver function

Groups at higher risk of deficiency include older adults (due to reduced stomach acid production), people following vegan or strict vegetarian diets (as B12 is naturally found almost exclusively in animal products), individuals with pernicious anaemia or other malabsorption conditions, those taking certain medications such as metformin or proton pump inhibitors long-term, and people with significant nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), which can inactivate B12 in the body

Freezing can cause the vitamins (especially riboflavin and perhaps dexpanthenol) to precipitate or the solution to phase-separate

10.1016/j.cca.2008.06.009 98 ShiM