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Furthermore, heightened levels of ROS and reactive nitrogen species generated by mitochondria can initiate oxidative and nitrosative stress, exacerbating damage to both mitochondria and cardiomyocytes (39)

A recent report demonstrates that in astrocytes and neural stem cells, the G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) is a novel mTOR-binding protein within a unique mTOR complex regulated by AKT that lacks both Raptor and Rictor [43]

Ethics declarations Conflict of interest Yanhong Dong declares that she has no conflict of interest

Rae & Williams, 2017)

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MnSOD is the primary antioxidant that neutralizes highly reactive superoxide radicals (O2), which are primarily generated within mitochondrial membranes