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Additionally, HD models display a decrease in ApoE expression (Kacher et al., 2022) and mitochondrial genes (Intihar et al., 2019), indicating a potential link to impaired cholesterol metabolism and mitochondrial function

This local vs systemic placement is a documented research practice pattern, not a proven clinical instruction the evidence for meaningfully different outcomes by placement is limited and largely preclinical

Lactate is released by astrocytes through MCTs into the extracellular matrix, from which it may be transported into neurons via MCTs present on neurons or passively through gap junctions (Dienel, 2019

Son SM, Shin H-J, Byun J, Kook SY, Moon M, Chang YJ, et al

During cellular stress, the expression of several proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SRC and Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf such as SRC, RAS, BRAF, and MEK takes place and activates the expression of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase ERKs (ERK1/ERK2)

The differences in their side effect profiles may be attributed to NAMs lack of a carboxyl group in its chemical structure and the absence of specific receptors such as GPCR109A