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Human Reproduction 30 111011

2010, Haje & Naoom 2015, Tsounapi et al

Another early study examined hemodynamic and angiographic variables before, during, and after administering intravenous propionyl-L-carnitine (15 mg/kg body weight) in men with myocardial dysfunction and angina pectoris (62)

It has also been reported to ameliorate the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radical-induced oxidative stress (OS) and minimizing pathological disorders of sperm, like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion leading to insufficient axonemal phosphorylation, lipid peroxidation as well as loss of motility and viability [9, 10]

Clinical Pharmacokinetics 51 5535

Interestingly, a placebo-controlled study (6) has shown that substantial elevations (~20%) of muscle carnitine content do occur in humans following prolonged daily supplementation with carnitine tartrate when carbohydrate is ingested at the same time