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In addition, brain microglia-derived cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF) become elevated and appear to facilitate disease progression [46]

Berberine is a bioactive compound found in various plants, including the barberry, goldenseal, and Oregon grape

Its behavioral manifestations align with the clinical onset and progression of TD, including hyperactivity, stereotypies, and difficulty adapting to environments, demonstrating significant, stable, and persistent face validity (Yu et al., 2023)

However, recent studies refute this theory, because apoptotic cells have indeed been described to release DAMPs under certain circumstances [131]

Potential explanations for these findings include lifestyle and dietary changes brought about by increasing prosperity, increased life expectancy, the increased use of hypertensive agents, as well as aging of the overall population

Sleep deprivation-induced neuroinflammatory mediators correlate and could lead to disturbed A clearance and stimulated amyloidogenic pathway 143 , being pro-inflammatory cytokines able to suppress the expression of LRP-1 and to increase RAGE 151 and BACE-1 levels 152