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Deglutathionylation of Cys sulfenic acid forms a disulfide bridge that can transmit the signal of oxidative stress and influence the transcriptional factors (Fig

, Reference Ashkinadze2022

This bypasses any digestive barriers, ensuring near 100% absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other vital compounds

114,115,116 Additionally, NADH or FADH 2 is the electron carrier for the mitochondrial membrane proteins, such as GPDM and FQR, and the metabolic enzymes in matrix, such as OGDH and PDH, all of which contribute to ROS production

Preparation of cellular extract and determination of antioxidant enzyme activity After 24 h incubation of yeast in selenium-enriched aqueous solutions, the cell suspension was centrifuged (3000 g , 10 min, 4 C) using a 5804R centrifuge (Eppendorf, Germany)