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Methods Male ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups: CON (control), EX (exercise), and EXIN (exercise + androgen receptor inhibition)

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Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: BMI body mass index CntA carnitine oxygenase CutC choline-TMA lyase CVID Common variable immunodeficiency FFQ food frequency questionnaire Ig immunoglobulins IL interleukin LPS lipopolysaccharide TMA trimethylamine TMAO trimethylamine N-oxide TML trimethyllysine TNF tumor necrosis factor BB -butyrobetaine

Allayee, W

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While this sample size may seem small, it is not unusual for crossover studies, where each participant serves as their control, allowing for more robust within-subject comparisons despite a smaller overall sample