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35,36 Modern scientific advancements have increasingly begun to validate the efficacy of traditional herbal treatments, uncovering mechanisms that act on sensory receptors, motility, inflammation, and neuromuscular regulation in the GI tract

The researchers concluded that "This study showed that CIT+GSH improved FMD and attenuated systolic BP and MAP (mean arterial pressure) reactivity in PMW (postmenopausal women)." These findings highlight the combination's potential benefits for cardiovascular health and stress response, extending its applications beyond purely athletic achievement

Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and is an energy substrate for most cellsespecially enterocytes (intestinal epithelial cells) and immune cells

Fer-1 significantly ameliorated the CaOx-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury by blocking ferroptosis [278]

Erythrocytes have been increasingly recognized to be immunologically active

In mammals, PRDX14 preferentially detoxify H 2 O 2 , whereas PRDX5 shows higher reactivity toward alkyl hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite, and PRDX6 reduces both H 2 O 2 and LOOHs