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Injections deliver vitamin B12 directly into the muscle, bypassing the digestive system

And because B12 is water-soluble, any excess amounts are flushed out with the urine, so its very safe

Vitamin B12 is essential in the formation of red blood cells and helps in the absorption of iron in the body

Some insurers require documented trial of oral supplementation before approving injections, though this contradicts the pathophysiology-patients with true intrinsic factor deficiency cannot absorb oral B12 regardless of dose

Vitamin B12 is essential for proper neurological function, as it directly influences neurotransmitter productionthe chemical messengers responsible for mood, focus, and cognitive performance

10.1136/bmj.m2380