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Description
Intramuscular administration allows B12 to bypass hepatic metabolism and enter systemic circulation directly, which is why this route differs from oral supplementation

J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021, 74 (11), 830833

For motor neuron count, spinal cords from anesthetized rats were collected and post-fixed for 12 hours in 4% PFA

Food Funct 4(10):15211525

postdoctoral research fellow Thomas H

While this approach may still be influenced by mucociliary clearance, it is relatively more effective in overcoming this limitation and is regarded as an efficient formulation strategy
