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We have made our data and code available to foster reproducibility

Smoking cessation increased Bacteroidetes, decreased Firmicutes , and modestly raised -diversity, which was inversely associated with heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and CRP

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines 31 for each of our systematic reviews, we identified studies reporting relative risk (RR) of incidence or mortality from each of the 36 selected outcomes for smokers compared with nonsmokers

[15] [16] According to the World Health Organization, 8 million annual deaths are caused by tobacco smoking

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At 0.5M concentration, nicotine increases anti-inflammatory cytokines and promotes Th0 to Th2 lymphocyte differentiation