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American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 320 (1), H144H158

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The data validation process included: Standardization of units (currency conversions, volume units, inflation adjustments) Cross-verification of data points across multiple secondary sources Normalization of inconsistent datasets Identification and resolution of data gaps Outlier detection and removal through algorithmic and manual checks Plausibility and coherence checks across segments and geographies This ensured that the dataset used for modelling was clean, robust, and reliable

PMID 27853734

In chronic nicotine users, heavy consumption has been associated with lower FA (Lin et al., 2013) and higher FA (Paul et al., 2008), as well has both lower RD (Wang et al., 2017) and higher RD (Lin et al., 2013)