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This results in a persistent cough, known as smokers cough. Over time, the airways can become scarred and narrowed, increasing the risk of infections

In addition, NRT products can be addictive and costly (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, CAMH, 2007)

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Many complications occur when patients mistakenly believe 48-hour abstinence suffices

Many studies have shown high rates of leukoplakia in the mouth where users place their chew or dip[6]

Liver X receptor alpha (LXRa) forms a heterodimer with RXR to upregulate ABCA1 expression, and overexpression of LXRa can inhibit CSE-induced secretion of inflammatory factors in HBE cells (Figure 4F and G)