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Other peer-reviewed studies provide support for these findings.[3] A 2018 study in Public Finance Review examined littered packs of cigarettes across 132 communities in 38 states, finding that 21 percent of packs did not have proper local stamps.[4] As noted by LaFaive and Nesbit, primary authors of the Mackinac Center study, smuggling comes in different forms: casual smuggling, where smaller quantities of cigarettes are purchased in one area and then transported for personal consumption, and commercial smuggling, which is large-scale criminal activity that can involve counterfeit state tax stamps, counterfeit versions of legitimate brands, hijacked trucks, or officials turning a blind eye.[5] The Mackinac Center has cited numerous examples over the many editions of this report, including stories of a Maryland police officer running illicit cigarettes while on duty, a Virginia man hiring a contract killer over a cigarette smuggling dispute, and prison guards caught smuggling cigarettes into prisons

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Mark Stehr, Cigarette tax avoidance and evasion, Journal of Health Economics 24:2, (March 2005), 277-297, [4] Shu Wang, David Merriman, and Frank Chaloupka, Relative Tax Rates, Proximity, and Cigarette Tax Noncompliance: Evidence from a National Sample of Littered Cigarette Packs, Public Finance Review 47:2 (March 2019), 276-311

"Many smokers are misled by pack design into thinking that cigarettes may be 'safer'," states Melanie Wakefield, et al