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Just as mortgage lenders bet that home prices would keep rising, the tobacco deals relied on optimistic predictions of how much Americans would smoke

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Big Tobacco vigorously defends its own interests and does not typically settle lawsuits brought against it

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The numbers that matter: VAMP ratio formula: (TC40 fraud reports + TC15 disputes) divided by total settled CNP transactions Excessive merchant threshold: 1.5% as of April 1, 2026 in the US, Canada, the EU, and Asia-Pacific (down from 2.2%) Acquirer thresholds: 0.5% Above Standard, 0.7% Excessive Penalty: $8 per violating transaction once you cross the merchant threshold Monitoring floor: Visa only enrolls merchants with at least 1,500 combined events per month, but most acquirers apply stricter internal limits Grace period: Three months for first-time offenders who have not been enrolled in the past 12 months Did You Know A single transaction can hit your VAMP ratio twice if it generates both a fraud report (TC40) and a chargeback (TC15)