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To further confirm this chain of causal inference, we implemented a modified Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to investigate potential causal effects by introducing non-pleiotropic polygenic risk scores (PRS) as instrument variables, i.e., the valid-PRS (see Methods for more details) 35,36

The model predicts that these five counties would see only an approximate 8% reduction in their rates of smoking-related cancers, far less than the overall average of about 40%, after total smoking elimination

Understanding the immediate benefits of quitting nicotine and being prepared for the challenges in the first few days can help individuals stay motivated and committed to their journey of breaking free from nicotine addiction

Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit recently ruled that Milwaukee police did not violate the constitutional rights of a passenger in a vehicle that was parked illegally when officers swooped in and seized the vehicles occupants

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