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The short time interval between puffing and nicotine entering the brain also allows the smoker to titrate the dose of nicotine to a desired pharmacologic effect, further reinforcing drug self-administration and facilitating the development of addiction

von Rappard J, Schonenberger M, Barlocher L

245 Proctor 2000, p

These carcinogens belong to various chemical classes, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), aromatic amines, aldehydes, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals

These microbial changes suggested that CS altered gut microbiome composition and gene expression, with potential implications for gut function and disease pathogenesis