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In addition, CS induced region-specific shifts in digestive tract microbiota, reducing beneficial genera such as Clostridium and Turicibacter while increasing harmful genera like Desulfovibrio and Bilophila

DeShazo said a randomized, controlled trial relating nicotine usage and postoperative complications and/or outcomes would allow for a much more significant and generalizable finding. Future studies might also assess the efficacy of nicotine-replacement therapy versus smoking in the context of various orthopaedic surgeries

10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105038 28 CzogalaJ.GoniewiczM

Microscopically, the greater the severity of epithelial dysplasia, the greater the risk for malignant transformation