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Monteith concluded, in a statement from the American Academy of Neurology, which publishes the journal, "While this investigation of migraine and vascular events in older people found that only smokers with migraine have an increased risk of stroke, earlier studies have shown that women younger than 45 who have migraine with aura are also at an increased risk of stroke, whether or not they smoke." In 2010 researchers determined that people who suffer migraines are about twice as likely as people without the painful headaches to suffer a stroke caused by a blood clot

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Prospective observational (cohort) studies offer less protection from threats to internal validity, but can provide valuable supporting evidence, especially when data from RCTs are limited (as in the current situation) or when randomization is unethical