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Description
Note that the costs, dosages, and approved uses are U.S.-based

Our recent work demonstrated that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) upregulates DPP-4 expression on macrophages via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon- (TRIF) and CD36 pathways [36]
Intractable Rare Dis Res 2023;12(1):5-12

Probiotics role: Probiotics especially well-characterized SCFA-producing strains within the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus can competitively inhibit pathogenic/pathobiont expansion, ferment dietary fibers to generate SCFAs and other beneficial metabolites, enhance tight-junction integrity, and reduce intestinal permeability(18, 28, 30)

Study endpoints The primary endpoint was the percentage weight loss at M6 compared to baseline

In diabetic mice, D13 and D41 demonstrated prolonged hypoglycemic effects