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Peptide-based medications require controlled delivery to reach therapeutic levels, and transdermal patches have absorption limitations

Haadia Waheed, orcid.org/0009-0005-4387-1580

Soups work well because they are easier to eat when appetite is reduced

Published online May 23, 2025

For example, liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, improved cognitive function in n = 19 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder in a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) [16], whilst a systematic review and meta-analysis reported a pooled reduction in depressive symptoms with GLP-1 receptor agonists compared to other antidiabetic therapies [17]

Figure 4 Due to the influence of renal clearance and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), GLP-1 has a short natural half-life in the human body, about 12 min (113)