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Oral semaglutide was superior to placebo, sitagliptin, and liraglutide and similar to empagliflozin, with losses up to 4.44 kg compared with 0.53.6 kg for active-comparator arms and 0.41.4 kg compared with placebo [35,36,37,38,39,40]

At baseline, the mean Hba1c level was 8.28%, the mean age 56.6 years, and the mean weight 93.7 kg

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10.1111/dom.13129 5

Coffee consumption and incidence of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study

These mechanisms further activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hepatic glycogenolysis, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance, contributing to core depressive features of anhedonia, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive slowing ( The complex etiopathogenesis of T2DM has been explored in detail and includes insulin resistance (in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue), impaired insulin secretion, -cell dysfunction, immune dysregulation and meta-inflammation, hyperglucagonemia, disrupted gut microbiota, increased gastric glucose absorption, renal adaptation with enhanced glucose reabsorption and gluconeogenesis, decreased dopamine, and heightened sympathetic tone in the brain ( via cells of the circumventricular organs located around the third and fourth brain ventricles, transmitting signals to deeper brain structures