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Mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism abnormalities collectively lead to insufficient energy supply and neuronal damage, with insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction being key pathways affecting energy metabolism imbalance in PD patients

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doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 70.McClean PL, Parthsarathy V, Faivre E, Holscher C

It also slows the action of DPP-IV, an enzyme that breaks down GLP-1

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Other research highlights: 30% of GLP-1 users tested positive for SIBO or IMO even after accounting for diabetes (5) GLP-1 medicines caused microbiome changes and altered metabolism in mice (6) GLP-1 medicines tested in humans only had noticeable microbiome changes by 48 weeks (7) Despite not necessarily having slower gut motility, one study found that 88.9% of obese patients had SIBO (8) A meta analysis of people with IBS symptoms, found that up to 78% of people had SIBO, many of whom were undiagnosed (9) Overall, Sun and colleagues (1) could not prove a mechanistic link between GLP-1 medications and SIBO, however they did find that SIBO was twice as likely in GLP-1 users