glp 1 gip dual agonist Schematic illustration of monoagonists, agonists and triple glp 1 gip dual agonist

However, native GLP-1 has a limited half-life (1.55 min) due to its degradation by the enzyme Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), necessitating the development of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) with longer activity (Campbell and Drucker 2013)

GLP-1RAs in nervous system In the nervous system, GLP-1 can decrease oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, potentially through reducing the generation of ROS and decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025;13:196-209.Article 95

Improving insulin resistance Insulin resistance is linked to chronic inflammation

Andreadis P, Karagiannis T, Malandris K, Avgerinos I, Liakos A, Manolopoulos A, et al

Therapeutic efficacy of liraglutide versus metformin in modulating the gut microbiota for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease