glp 1 glucagon like peptide 1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 Glucagon-like peptide 1 molecule, illustration

Diabetes Ther (2018) 9(6):231524

These receptors are also present in non-islet cells and contribute to various metabolic effects in the brain, liver, adipose tissue, and gastrointestinal tract

Effect of multiple oral doses of linagliptin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy female adults: An open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence, multiple-dose study

Lancet 390 (10106), 19811995

RiskBenefit Assessment and Pharmacovigilance Needs Given the widespread use of GLP-1RAs and other incretin-based agents for obesity and T2D, comprehensive evaluation of even common GI adverse effects remains limited

it's a direct pharmacological action of the medication that affects virtually everyone taking these drugs