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Secondary searches were performed using Google Scholar and regulatory sources, e.g., US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labels and European Medicines Agency (EMA) reports, to capture gray literature and pharmacovigilance data

The 24 individuals with obesity were taking a maintenance dose of GLP-1RA medication for weight loss ( N = 14, GLP-1RA group) for at least 30 days, or not taking any medication for weight loss ( N = 10, control group)

The incretins are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis

The Hypoglycemia Risk This is the most medically significant concern, particularly for patients taking tirzepatide for type 2 diabetes

Weight loss itself improves sleep apnea in most patients, but the GLP-1 effect appears to go beyond weight loss alone, possibly through anti-inflammatory effects on upper airway tissue

27 Importantly, GLP-1 action is short-lived, with a half-life of just 12 minutes in the bloodstream under normal physiological conditions, after which it is broken down by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4), resulting in a loss of its biological activity